20 Best Christmas Gifts Ideas for College Students

20 Best Christmas Gifts Ideas for College Students Everything boils down to this, an amazing rundown of the 20 best Christmas presents for undergrads that will make you an occasional stone of Gibraltar; a Christmas legend! 1. A Really Cool Tetris Light These are most likely the coolest entryway room lights to hit the world since the Lava Lamp. Stackable, vivid and cool the Tetris Desk Light is a wonderful decision. Young men and young ladies will cherish them. We sure do! 2. A Pair of Quality Headphones School flat mates regularly have distinctive dozing designs on the grounds that theyve got various classes and diverse class plans. Time in the room is normally joined by video, gaming or uproarious web perusing. A couple a quality earphones is a school student’s best tech-companion. 3. Gift vouchers This is all inclusive. Don’t give school kids cash since it will never be spent on what it ought to be. Gift vouchers direct their concentration and they’re undeniably bound to purchase necessities like food and toiletries. 4. Apartment TV (Space Saver) Level space sparing advanced TV’s that can adjust with gaming consoles and PCs are great! In addition, they’re not cumbersome by any means. In the event that the model you pick can be divider mounted, at that point there’s nothing better. Moreover, nowadays the costs are absurdly low. In the relatively recent past purchasing a littler quality TV for school kids was spendy. 5. Somebody Else’s Wallet? This is a perfect thought, and an incredible method to purchase another wallet for the folks. Get a decent new wallet and afterward fill it with things like gift vouchers, new photos, maybe game or film tickets and so forth. Only a flawless method to give a heap of endowments simultaneously in a little bundle that’s very simple to send via the post office. 6. Gourmet Coffee School kids are the main individuals on earth who drink more espresso than corporate office honey bees. The issue is that 99.9% of the time it’s modest and not all that delicious. A huge pack of gourmet espresso is that understanding and strong blessing that all understudies acknowledge (on the off chance that they drink espresso that is). 7. Study Abroad Money Most understudies who concentrate abroad are considerably increasingly split while they’re away in some energizing new spot than when they’re back in their apartment. In the event that you can give them some additional going through cash for the outing, they’ll always remember it, ever. 8. One-Stop-Shop Bathroom Kit These truly are acknowledge and utilized widely. Don’t figure this unit will go to squander on the grounds that it won’t. All things considered, perhaps a portion of the little frill probably won't get utilized yet the significant segments never come up short. Razors, shaving cream, cologne, cleanser and so on. Chiefly in light of the fact that the stuff in the grounds store is loathsome. 9. An Assortment of Great Sauces Undergrads aren’t known for being acceptable cooks. They simply set up any old thing and call it food. That being stated, a container of different and delicious sauces will be utilized inside a month. Possibly before New Years†¦imagine the kinds of Top Ramen they could evoke. 10. Shower Slippers The thoughtful that you can wear into the shower to secure your feet and afterward they get dry excessively brisk so you don’t track water a few doors down. No one needs competitors foot or to step into somebody elses organic liquids, whatever benevolent that might be. 11. A Traditional Popcorn Serving Set Truly, who eats more popcorn than understudies? You can make due on the stuff! It is slick to have a quality serving set that looks simply like the thoughtful you get at the films. How cool is that? 12. High-Brow Bedding Abandons saying†¦ 13. New Laptop Once more, an extraordinary apparatus that will be utilized (and manhandled) and each penny will be pressed out of it. No undergrads disregards another PC. It’s nearly the identical to getting them another trade-in vehicle (with the exception of the PC ought to be new). You get the thought. 14. Brew Pong Table and Set Better believe it, truly. Everybody adores the game, however not many understudies have the table and set. Your child could be THAT kid in the lobby. Hello, school is tied in with systems administration. 15. DVD Set of Favorite TV Series Is it true that they are a crazed Walking Dead fan? Without a doubt, they most likely ability to observe each scene online for nothing, however having their own set they can watch at whatever point is quite helpful. 16. Clean (Actually White) Socks and Undies Continuously needed†¦ 17. A Laundry Hamper with Style It needs to have some flare or it will go unnoticed and mix into the hazardous situation of garments around it. 18. Great Food Baskets! Can’t turn out badly here. A definite victor 100% of the time as a general rule. 19. Membership to Netflix All the children are getting them. That’s the gossip at any rate. Be careful! A few understudies become dependent on Netflix in a matter of seconds. 20. Set Them Up with a Classy Interview! What an original thought right? Maybe a definitive blessing you can get an undergrad this year is to pull some string and set them up with a quality meeting. With such a large number of alternatives to browse it was difficult to limit the rundown into a main 20 sort introduction. Thusly, we refreshed the rundown including 20 more Christmas presents thoughts for understudies. Look at them! All things considered, here’s your possibility understudies. What might be the ideal Christmas present for you?

What drives you up the wall †Strikes on Transport Free Essays

There are numerous things that drive me up the divider one of the primary things is when there are strikes on transport. There are strikes on transport on significant days like Boxing Day when individuals will need to go to looks for the business, for what reason do they have strikes? The representatives believe that they don’t get enough wages when there is past enough. For what reason would it be advisable for them to get an expansion in compensation when there is awful help, terrible habits, awful outward appearances towards clients and significantly increasingly awful things I could ramble about?! At whatever point there is a strike on transport it causes disorder for some people’s lives, for example, works that need to go via train or understudies or others who need to head off to some place significant. We will compose a custom paper test on What drives you up the divider? †Strikes on Transport or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now This is all just caused on the grounds that specialist s need a raise. Why can’t they simply request without being unaware and destroying different people’s lives? Be that as it may, it isn't just terrible for us yet for the London Transport organization as they are losing a large number of pounds which isn't outstanding. Regardless of whether strikes were the main way, the negative impact will be tuned in to better. Laborers right ought to be permitted however not affecting honest individuals (the general public) as they have done nothing incorrectly. There have been numerous strikes far and wide one of the most recent, Greek strikes made interruption places like medical clinics. Another explanation is that when there is a strike, sightseers can't travel openly, this is unsafe for the city or nations notoriety and nobody needs that. Here is a final offer would you rather lose your employment and have no cash or go to work and have cash despite the fact that it isn't up agreeable to you? This is the thing that you need to hold up under as a primary concern. You must be content with measure of cash you get paid as certain specialists get paid under ?10. 00 every week. Notwithstanding this for what reason are they striking when they get paid ?15, 000 only for working 35hours this is more than what numerous laborers get paid, this drives me up the divider madly, There are numerous people who will really value the sum they got. Anyway we are fortunate that a portion of the vehicle drives weren’t sufficiently dumb to take to the streets and proceed with their work and on the off chance that they didn’t they are likely going to lose their employment. Just as that gratitude to the individuals that came to work since then the organization would a large number of pounds which could be utilized on cleaning the vehicle as it is unhygienic. Transport for London is so awful contrasted with the trains in china as in china they have perfect, quick vehicle and great assistance. What could be superior to that! Anyway in London we sit on messy seats which are not cleaned every day, we are perched on hundred germs. Having strikes will cause money related issues for some, transport organizations, for example, Transport for London, in the Greek Economy there has been serious harm brought about by the strikes. Just as that in July 2010 the Greek Railway has been attempting to raise over ?400million of advances from the open administration. Around the same time in Athens individuals strolled off the activity closing down the cylinders. These are things that cause harm financially. In any case, strikes are possibly permitted whenever inquired as to whether not it is unlawful and they will be rebuffed with fines and sentences. On the off chance that the strikes don’t work the strikers should go to this individual who will make arrangements of the amount they ought to be paid and they will free. Notwithstanding this the Transport Industry is excessively imperative to the general public to have a pay arrangement, when there are many prosperity who have spots to proceed to individuals to see. I would wouldn't fret if there was strikes if transport was spotless and the administration was flawless yet no there is garbage administration and exceptionally terrible conditions. The strikers get paid a reasonable pay yet just don’t value it; I’ll wager there are numerous individuals who will be passing on for this activity. Notwithstanding this there have been numerous mishaps brought about by the employer’s depletion which causes mishaps, so the individual who got injured can sue leaving the organization to lose a ton of cash. Another explanation wherein I wouldn’t mind if there was a strike if the vehicle was sheltered and strikes for sensible concessions and not ask out of line and unreasonable advantages. Another reality is that strikes are simply to squeeze Government to change arrangements. Whatever is the final product, the strike hurts the country, the network, the network and the administration. A few people imagine that individuals who take a shot at transport have opportunity to communicate and yes this valid yet what is the purpose of every last bit of it when it will admirable motivation confusion and ruin. I don’t comprehend why individuals feel that they express their selves raising a ruckus and attempting to demonstrate a point. As I would like to think I believe that strikes on transport ought to be restricted as it is clamorous and unjustifiable. I think it is out of line as the measure of cash representatives get in transport is so much as of now it will simply cause workers to lose their employment and will have no cash. Just as that numerous individuals need to make a trip by transport to get the opportunity to work and they are losing cash too by not going to work. Anyway there are various approaches to get your assertion through to without having a strike which is problematic. I don’t comprehend why at whatever point there is a strike Boris Johnson tells us† jump on your bicycles and cycle help spare the earth. † For instance on the off chance that I needed to go to the city and I live in Stanmore I would need to cycle for around 3 hours and how are old expected to cycle in any case they will simply come up short on breath. Anyway as opposed to taking the transport to a short separation we should spare the earth as opposed to demolishing it and you could either walk or cycle. Just as this how are we expected to oversee when there is an unexpected strike without no notification this has happened a couple of times. On the off chance that we didn’t have strikes we could set aside cash to have web association it the cylinder/trains or wifi in spite of this there is consistently strikes on the most significant day for instance The Royal Wedding-this is the point at which the Transport Company can gain a great deal of cash in simply under 60 minutes. The most unsettling thing about open vehicle is the point at which you can cliché, rambunctious youngsters please and yell in there troublesome, boisterous voice like they own their vehicle or tuning in to music so uproarious that you could get notification from out in the city. Just as that when you jump on the transport and the driver gives you frightening looks while moaning faintly hanging tight for you to get your clam out or your cash. When the transport driver sees you running they simply pummel the entryway shut and drive off creation you hold up like another thirty minutes for another transport, has this at any point transpired? Don’t you feel irritated and furious that you need to get a stone and simply toss it at the drivers face? To finish up I feel that there should possibly be strikes if fundamental not for things that are superfluous or unbeneficial and there shouldn’t be a strike on significant days which is senseless as the underground have a favorable position of acquiring cash. Notwithstanding this at whatever point we jump on a train we have never really got great help; rather than being grouchy when they got a raise in their wages which is so unreasonable and causing money related issues in the organization taking a chance with their occupations. As I would see it I think strikes are the most inept, exasperating activity for settling things. Open Transport is fomenting, wild and tainted; they ought to be attempting to fix it not aggravating it. How to refer to What drives you up the divider? †Strikes on Transport, Papers

We open in Venice

We open in Venice DID YOU KNOW? Benito Mussolini ordered that the Leaning Tower of Pisa be straightened. Engineers decided that the best solution would be to pour concrete into its base. The tower actually ended up leaning even further and now must be stabilized with cables. For those of you just tuning in, there is a reason that my blog consists mostly of me standing in front of European landmarks. You can go back and read that whole entry, or if you just want the gist of it, its because MIT is awesome. And because of the MISTI program, also awesome. Hokay, so I took 550 pictures over five days in Italy. This is mostly thanks to Lings brilliant idea of Bring a flash drive to Italy, then we can go to internet cafes and transfer pictures from your camera! You go girl. Now, Berlin got three entries with only 218 pictures. So, if you go through and do the math, youll realize that Im way too lazy to write 7 entries about Italy and Im just going to condense it all into one super-dense, super-hot neutron star of an entry. Hey, also, Im kind of dumb and uploaded the original 25601920 pixel versions of these pictures instead of the 512384 ones that I usually use. So dont look at the rest of the entry if youre on a dialup, or your computer will probably implode. Ill have everything back to normal size on Monday night. Before we even got our baggage out of baggage check, I glanced in a vending machine and saw a mysterious brown-colored Fanta with an 80 cent price tag. Remembering it from Bryans spring break entry. Well, when in Rome Bryan described the taste as a strange combination of yuck yuck and gross, and I dont know that I can really improve on that. I only offer my condolences to him for paying four euros for this mysterious, horrible beverage-like substance. Venice As an engineer, Venice just doesnt make much sense to me. Who thought it would be a good idea to build a city on hundreds of low-lying interconnected islands in the Adriatic? But, then again, as an MIT student, bad ideas are not exactly foreign to me. And global warming and soil erosion were also probably not such great concerns to people who still thought the Earth was flat. I guess with my turkey carcass = oil UROP, Im actually working to save Venice, especially from stuff like this in St. Marks Square, the lowest point of Venice. According to a poster we saw nearby, the normally-pigeon-filled square floods over 300 days out of the year. I hypothesized that they just spray pigeon pheremones all throughout the square to keep the flocks of dirty birdsand touristscoming there every afternoon. Maybe they spray tourist pheremones too. I would. The picture above was taken during high tide from the roof of the lovely, mosaiced St. Marks Basilica, which is totally worth the 3 ?K stair-taking fee. As we sat on the roof for about an hour, a sound crew set up for a concert taking place in the square that night. To test the system, they repeatedly played the introduction to a live version of the Eagles Hotel California over it. It was one of the most serene, yet also one of the strangest moments of our trip to Italy. As a tourist, Venice is probably gonna kill you. I dont know what all we spent all our money on, but it just seemed to flow pretty freely as we walked slowly around this illogical, surreal, wet city. Even staying 30 minutes outside of the city in a campsite (with outdoor showers!), I spent as much in one day in Venice as I did the following two days in Florence and Rome. We took a lovely gondola ride. I would recommend to anybody going to Venice in the near future not to take a Gondola ride. Its nice and everything, and certainly charming to go through all the little canals and alleys, and we took lots of pictures and now we can say that weve been in a gondola. Okay, great. But its not worth 20 ?K per person, which is basically the best rate youre going to get unless you took 15.655: Power and Negotiation in MITs world-renowned Sloan School of Management. Yes, everybody has this conception of a romantic moonlight Gondola ride with one quiet gondolier and another guy sitting in the front singing bel canto arias while accompanying himself on lute or accordion. But our gondolier, though very personable and outgoing, was singing She Bangs for most of the trip. Seriously. So, after a Friday in Venice, we woke up and got on the first available train to Florence I brought two t-shirts for my five day trip to Italy. One of them has a picture of my second cousins dog on it and the other one cost 2 euro and says BUNDESTRAINER on it. While in Venice, I bought a Lukas Podolski jersey. I really couldnt help it. Im really easily influenced by other people, and when Kendall bought a Ballack jersey and Ling bought a Schweinsteiger jersey, I had to have one too. I didnt know anything about Lukas Podolski when I bought it except that I really liked that Lu Lu Lu Lukas Podolski! cheer. The point of the story is that it ended up being a bit awkward for me displaying this German football pride so prominently in Italy one month after the world cup. A few Italian people jokingly told me to take off the jersey, but none of them refused to take my picture. What you dont see above is that we are facing a couple, hidden from view over the side of the bridge, who are having a romantic panini lunch while overlooking the dark, clear, Arno as a steady stream of tourists jump over a bridge onto this ledge and have their pictures taken. I could definitely see myself having my honeymoon in Florence and sitting on this little ledge while tourist after tourist jumps down in front of me. Speaking of honeymoons, being a tourist in Italy involves a lot of waiting in line. Our first marathon of line-waiting occurred at the Uffizi Gallery in Italy. We had the choice of going the Uffizi to see the Birth of Venus or to a different gallery to see Michelangelos David. Since both required two-hour waits in line, we only had time for one. We finally picked the Uffizi because there was a fake statue of David like 100 feet away. There is also a green David replica made out of bronze that we were going to see, but there was a thunderstorm and we decided that going to the top of a hill to see a 17-foot bronze statue during a thunderstorm was a bad idea. Anyway, to pass the time in line, we played childrens games like MASH (I ended up living in a mansion in Arizona married to Lukas Podolski, but my job was a pooper-scooper) and I Spy. No offense to Ling and Kendall, they are both brilliant MIT students and awesome people, but they are really bad at I Spy. After my first turn, Ling spied with her little eye something white, which ended up being the reflection of the sun on a particular metal handle of a piece of luggage or something. Kendall went next with I spy something funny-colored, which sort of goes against the concept of the game. I went next and stumped them both for quite a while with something gray. It was a wet day, so they figured out that it was made of water, but neither of them could guess that what I was spying was rain clouds. But the Uffizi was great, if a little dimly-lit, and I recommend it to anybody going to Florence. I would recommend even more passionately making a reservation so you dont have to play I Spy for two hours. The main hallway has hundreds upon hundreds of sculptures and paintings that you could never have enough time to look at in two weeks. The actual Birth of Venus was hypnotic, Leonardos Annunciation was far more vivid than photographs of it suggest, and they also happened to have one of my all-time favorite paintings, Parmigianinos Madonna with the Long Neck. I dont know much about art, but that painting rocks. They also had an engineering exhibit about Leonardo Da Vincis anatomical, mathematical, and engineering innovations, which was just about the perfect thing for three MIT students on vacation at an art museum. He used phi, my favorite irrational number, in his famous Vitruvian Man! And the discussion of how Leonardo wanted to make this gigantic horse sculpture, so he designed the worlds largest bronze-casting facility, all the way down to the materials used in the oven and the shape of the cooling channels, sparked fond memories of the best parts of 10.302: Heat and Mass Transfer. So go to Florence and spend at least two days therethat way you can see the real David, the interior of the Duomo, and all the other stuff that we no doubt missed. Also, do not eat at the restaurant right across from the Uffizi, no matter how hungry you are. That was seriously the most putridly bad plate of gnocchi I have ever eaten. Pisa We didnt do much in Pisa. We left Florence at 7 AM, got to Pisa at 8 AM, saw the tower (I think its this way no, this way wait, we can see it above all the other buildings.), stood in front of it for half an hour taking pictures, bought some souvenirs, found out that getting into any of the other attractions cost money, ate a ham panini (so salty and delicious!) and hopped on the 11 AM train to Rome. In the process, I took this obligatory picture of Ling. Theres another picture that I took and uploaded, but good taste prohibits me from posting it. Sorry, country of Italy. It was Lings idea. Rome First of all, I want to advertise the Roma Inn hostel. It costs 20 ?K, its 15 minutes from the train station, 2 minutes from a subway stop, and 10 minutes from the Colosseum. They let you keep your stuff there after you check out. They have parties with free food and drinks every night, in addition to giving you free breakfast. Okay, so theres no shower curtains and the bathrooms are not exactly clean, and the garbage men will wake you up in the morning if you dont have earplugs, and the hotel manager sleeps on the floor right outside your bedroom. But I think its the best-valued hostel that we stayed at in the course of our 10 trips around Europe. You rock, Roma Inn. I love Rome. I love Rome and I want to go back. According to Sams Mom, my grandfather, whos from a little town in the mountains outside Rome, thought that the city smelled bad. Well, I thought it was actually a lot like New York, except it smelled better and everything is between one hundred and two thousand years old. Our first stop was the Colosseum. Half a bottle of sunscreen, 12 euros, and an hour later, we were inside. I would say that I was more impressed by the outside than the insideits really just a shell, with most of the inside destroyed, and a lot of the more interesting-looking hallways have been fenced off. But the 12 euros also gets you entrance to the Palatine Hill, a lovely but less-visited area of the city with no shortage of crumbling ruins. We stayed there until the ruins closed at sunset, lounging on them in the fading August light in a rare moment of isolation and contemplating how majestic the city must have seemed two thousand years ago, all while Ling took artistic pictures using the sepia setting on my camera. After they kicked us out, we took a trip down to Trevi fountain, which made my jaw literally dropped at seeing the majesty of Neptune overlooking his tritons and drowning horses. I mean literally. Not like Paula Abdul saying My stomach was literally in my throat or something like that. We engaged in the tradition of throwing coins over our shoulders to ensure a return trip to Rome, and took pictures of it in case anybody disputed it later. After an overpriced meal at a restaurant recommended to me by my otherwise-infallible colleague J??rgen, we headed home to the Roma Inn, where they were giving out free food anyway. Good times! We awoke from restless dreams at 7 AM the next morning and to head out to the Vatican and get in line before it opened at 8:45. Okay, yall. There are people who cut in line to get into VATICAN CITY. Seriously, what is wrong with you people? Im not even religious and I wouldnt be caught dead doing that. I guess Im not one to talk, since we passed two and a half hours in line playing chinese poker in front of the Vatican, but at least we werent gambling or cheating at it. Plus, the first hand Kendall played was three kings, and what could be more biblical than that? I took like a googolplex pictures inside the vatican, because every single room just turned out to be more beautiful, vast, and engrossing than the last, even the Egyptian mummy room that I didnt really understand. There was also an fascinating exhibit on micromosaics, which are used to decorate jewelry boxes or to make painstaking recreations of existing artwork using 1-mm wide stones. Wow. And then there was the Sistine Chapel. It was okay. There are signs right before it telling you not to take photos, talk, or sit down. Well, of course nobody really listens to that because you just flew all the way to Rome from Utah or Japan or something and then waited for two hours in line and then you had to walk through three hours of Vatican museum exhibits, and youll be damned (maybe literally?) if somebodys going to tell you not to take pictures of the Sistine Chapel. So the whole thing, which is a little smaller than I had imagined, and with a much higher ceiling, is a little bit ruined by the constant flashing of bulbs and the guards continually yelling NO FOTOS! NO FOTOS! SHHHHHHH! But we sat there waiting for Kendall for about 20 minutes, and as I stood there, hunched over, staring at The Last Judgment as hundreds of tourists milled around behind me, I couldnt be cynical for long. Finally, we went around the Vatican and saw St. Peters Basilica. Let me tell you, it was absolutely, without a doubt, the most beautiful building I have ever seen. My colleague showed me about fifty pictures that he took of it before he left, but absolutely nothing could prepare me for stepping inside and seeing that cold light softly falling through the windows of Michelangelos dome, faintly illuminating the dark, breathless majesty within. Michelangelos Pieta was equally stunning, and I needed about an hour just to walk around the enormous, overwhelming interior and take everything in. Just amazing. And after a short trip to the Pantheon and some sumptuous gelato/i in some square whose name I forget, we stopped at a grocery store for some provisions and headed off for a completely uneventful trip to the airport. All in all, Italy was perhaps the most beautiful vacation I have ever taken. I learned something, toohow to shuffle cards. I also learned that Italy really, really, really takes advantage of its tourists, corroborated by this article sent to me by the incomparable Ruth 07. But then again, if tour groups were carrying on conversations with each other and taking pictures in the Pantheon while I was conducting mass, I would want to get back at them, too. Be excellent to each other and party on, dudes!

What Guides Ethical Decision Making - 3600 Words

Introduction Explores the ethical works of Hannah Arendt What Guides Ethical Decision Making A processor manufacturing company who are currently facing financial troubles completed an order about three months ago for newly designed high-powered processors that are smaller than and four times as powerful as its predecessor. These processors are to be placed into cutting edge cellular phones by a leading cellular phone manufacturer whose release date is a mere month away. A design inconsistency was recently discovered that essentially meant that the processors would work but would be no more powerful than its predecessor in certain conditions. A flaw that would only to be discerned when extraordinary load was placed on the device component†¦show more content†¦Aristotle firstly explained his idea of the good, which according to his writings can then be understood to mean the purpose, reason, desire or benefit of things and actions. The idea of the good sets the premise for understanding the human good, the good that yields the most benefit to human existence. The huma n good, in Aristotle’s view, was the science of politics since it was the science charged with managing all other sciences and their respective ends for a single purpose; the betterment of the polity. The underlying premise of Aristotle’s definition of the common good is utility. It involves a multiplicity of agents working towards a single shared purpose that would satisfy or be of benefit to all involved. This single purpose, shared by many, for the benefit of many is therefore what is understood to be the common good; a concept that shares an ideal that is similar to utilitarian theory as developed by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mills. UTILITARIANISM AND THE COMMON GOOD The basic premise of utilitarianism is the achievement of happiness for the greatest sum of people [ethics in action Domenec Mele]. This principle places the interest of the many over the interest of the few and as such the rightness or wrongness of an act is based only on the perceived or expected outcomes of that act as it relates to the utility obtained. http://caae.phil.cmu.edu/cavalier/80130/part2/sect9.html Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mills were the main proponents of thisShow MoreRelatedEthical Values in Social Work Essay example1381 Words   |  6 Pagesvalues and ethical dilemmas What are values, ethics, ethical dilemmas and a code of ethics? Values relate to principles and attitudes that provide direction to everyday living. Values also refer to beliefs or standards considered desirable by a culture, group or individual (AASW). Similar to values, but slightly different, ethics means a system of beliefs held about what constitutes moral judgement and right conduct, they are moral principles (rules, guides) (AASW). 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Degree in Criminal Justice Use a Criminal Justice Background to go to Law School 2019

Earning a degree in criminal justice is a versatile path to a number of careers. As of 1998, 350,000 students were enrolled in criminal justice degree programs in an attempt to become Police officers, Detectives, Private investigators, Corrections treatment specialists, Parole officers, and FBI special agents. However, many students decide to get more heavily involved in the judicial system of criminal justice by going to law school. What Does it Take to go to Law School? Successful law students come with degrees from all academic disciplines, including some with a criminal justice degree. The chief concerns are to earn a bachelors degree in criminal justice or some other discipline and to develop the seven essential skills laid out by the American Bar Association (ABA), including: Analytic and problem solving skills Critical reading skills Writing skills Oral communication and listening abilities General research skills Task organization and management skills Public service and promotion of justice skills .u43ccc34588a3da70c7746cf4b3602f08 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u43ccc34588a3da70c7746cf4b3602f08:active, .u43ccc34588a3da70c7746cf4b3602f08:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u43ccc34588a3da70c7746cf4b3602f08 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u43ccc34588a3da70c7746cf4b3602f08 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u43ccc34588a3da70c7746cf4b3602f08 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u43ccc34588a3da70c7746cf4b3602f08:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Considering an online Graphic Design degree Discover what it takes to compete.According to the ABA, these are the necessary skills to be successful in law school applications and legal studies. Students also check with particular law schools of interest to determine further application requirements for each program. Earning a Criminal Justice Degree in Preparation for Law School While going through a criminal justice degree online or through some other means, pre-law students should keep the seven essential skills in mind constantly, advises the ABA. Challenging classes should be selected that will develop critical reading and writing skills. An online college for a criminal justice degree offers courses in written communication in criminal justice and others that teach investigative skills. Criminal justice schools that prepare students for jobs with a criminal justice degree should offer a wide variety of challenging courses within the field. Extracurricular activities, such as clubs, volunteer work, or jobs, can also serve to develop the essential skills. For example, volunteer work would be a possible way to demonstrate public service. Students may still further develop the seven skills in the first years of law school, says the ABA, but intensive preparation allows students to take full advantage of a legal education. .u33e7a9f3d9bf4244d32521a03414a58d { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u33e7a9f3d9bf4244d32521a03414a58d:active, .u33e7a9f3d9bf4244d32521a03414a58d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u33e7a9f3d9bf4244d32521a03414a58d { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u33e7a9f3d9bf4244d32521a03414a58d .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u33e7a9f3d9bf4244d32521a03414a58d .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u33e7a9f3d9bf4244d32521a03414a58d:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Bachelor Degree in Business Online Improve Employment Prospects with Formal Training in BusinessLaw School and Beyond Although it may be natural to assume that going to law school means entering a career as a lawyer, there are actually a number of even more career paths that open up after law school. According to the ABA, law school graduates sometimes go on to become: Doctors Writers Business CEOs News reporters CPAs Labor organizers Engineers Scientists Teachers A career with criminal justice degree credentials plus a law degree can be formed into any number of conceivable positions. Related ArticlesCareer in Criminal Justice with an Associate Degree 5 Little Known Facts about Life as Police OfficerDegree in Criminal Justice Discover a Career as a Police OfficerCriminal Justice Associate Degree Jobs 7 Exciting Career Opportunities from Court Services to Detective JobsAssociate Degree in Criminal Justice Boost Earning Potential and Streamline into the Criminal Justice WorkforceEmployment Opportunities in Criminal JusticeDegree in Criminal Justice Discover a Career as a Probation Officer or Correctional Treatment Specialist .ueaab7081b5fc9a85c03d8d5b5929c20a { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decor ation:none; } .ueaab7081b5fc9a85c03d8d5b5929c20a:active, .ueaab7081b5fc9a85c03d8d5b5929c20a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .ueaab7081b5fc9a85c03d8d5b5929c20a { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .ueaab7081b5fc9a85c03d8d5b5929c20a .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .ueaab7081b5fc9a85c03d8d5b5929c20a .postTitle { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .ueaab7081b5fc9a85c03d8d5b5929c20a:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Career in Criminal Justice with an Associate Degree 5 Little Known Facts about Life as Police Officer

Jackie Robinson Braking The Color Barrier in The Major...

â€Å"Hey Jackie, you should play baseball.† Jackie Robinson had no intention to play baseball. Jackie Robinson had to deal with many racial comments and put downs, but Jackie never gave up and ended up as a Major League hero. Jackie played many sports in high school and he was good at all of them. He lettered in every sport he played in high school. After high school, he didn’t have any intention to play sports anymore. Jackie actually enlisted in the army. He served two years and he ranked second lieutenant. Jackie’s army career ended really short compared to many other veterans. Jackie had to go to court for his objections against racial discrimination. After that jumble was done, Jackie came home and played For the Kansas City Monarchs,†¦show more content†¦Many other players in the Negro League wanted to follow his steps, to one day be as famous as Jackie was. Robinson’s celebrity set the stage for civil rights advantages society wide. Jackie ’s own rights activism was not just about baseball. Jackie had defied an order by a white bus driver to move to the back of the bus to make room for a white officer. This was 11 years before Rosa Parks had her incident on the bus. Jackie had to go to court for this incident. The army sent him a medical discharge for this incident. â€Å"Robinson’s gusty action foreshadowed subsequent baseball diamond conduct,† was said by John Vernon in the spring 2008 issue of the United States National Archives publication. There were other aspects of Jackie’s civil rights activism bracketed him with the Dodgers and continued until his death from diabetes and other heart issues at the young age of fifty-three (Sirs, 2008). Jackie’s death was a tragic event that crushed many people’s hearts who loved baseball. Michael Long, who was an associate professor of religion at Elizabethtown College in Pennsylvania, stressed much that same points in his new book, Fi rst Class Citizenship: The Civil Rights Letters of Jackie Robinson (Danneheisser, 2008 ). More than 100 Major League players will wear the number 42 on their uniforms in honor of the anniversary of Jackie Robinson breaking the color barrier in the national pastime. In 2007, the number 42 was retired in memory of Jackie. In 2007,

Early Years in Child Development-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Significance of Early Years in Child Development. Answer: Introduction The emotional along with the physical development of that of young children bears an effect on that of their overall development and on the kind of person they will become later on in life. Investing in the young children can prove to be crucial for maximising the future well-being of that of the children (Burman, 2016). Neurological research has highlighted the fact that early year in the life of children helps in the development of brain of the children. This essay throws light on the significance of that of the early years in development of children and whether it is possible to change the trajectory of the children who are at risk so that they can have successful lives in their future. Discussion Early years prove to be critical in the life of a person and it can make a difference in their lives. Intervening in the early stages can prove to be crucial in changing development trajectory of that of the children (Straitstimes.com, 2018). Governments should put the money so that the children are reared properly in the early stages so that they evolve to become responsible adults at the later stages of their life. Researchers have suggested that the brain tests that was developed at the age of three could easily predict the future chances of success in relation to the life of the child (Friedman Scholnick, 2014). Children were assessed on the ability to understand the language along with the motor skills. An ability that the children learns in the early years of life pertains to that of self-control. The primary focus should be laid on the arena of tackling of the effects of that of childhood disadvantage (James Prout, 2015). From infancy through that of the school age, children goes through different stages of that of social development. Babies respond from the time they are born but it takes a while before they master the ability of forming relationships. The infant makes faces and imitates the facial expressions of the elders (Bremner, 2017). Perfect role model should be set up in front of the children so that the children can imitate them and positive ideals will be instilled in the children. Early childhood program that is of high quality can help in improving the developmental outcome of the children who are at risk. It can help in the promotion of that of optimal child development. The involvement of the parents is a necessity so that the children do not get drawn to any kind of social evils. Illuminating the child regarding what are the good practices and about the bad ones can help in guiding the child in the right direction (Flook et al., 2015). Parent should reach out for that of help and they should be able to scan available candidates within the neighbourhood who can be the appropriate playmate for that of the child. Social programming can help in the perfect development of the children (Harms et al., 2017). Group Play can also be introduced so that the children can learn good habits from that of other people. Playing and learning in a group can help the children to learn good habits from that of other children and stay away from that of the bad habits. The socia l development of children can hence be facilitated with the help of group play and role modelling (Archard, 2014). Cognitive skills development in children includes the progressive building of that of the learning skills like that of attention and memory. These are the skills that help children in the processing of that of sensory information. The cognitive skills of children undergo improvement when they start forming questions and finding the solutions. The child should know how to question, reflect, evaluate and find the solutions that can help the children in becoming life-long learner. Problem-solving is the key to that of the learning of the children. The questions of the child should be listened to very carefully that can help the child in developing self-worth (Xiao et al., 2015). It can help the children in approaching the challenges with a lot of confidence in the future. It can be said that once the child develops self-importance he will be able to develop personality of his own. The child should be encouraged to come up with the original ideas that can help the children in developing the faculty of critical thinking (Richter et al., 2017). Respect should be shown to their ideas that can help them in attaining self-importance. The child should be encouraged to go to the interesting places like that of museum and library. It can help in stimulating the curiosity of the children and develop in the children that of sense of wonder. These experiences can prove to be invaluable for the future development of children and help the child in forming positive habits. In the event of the child being on an excursion he will be able to able to learn a lot from that of other people. It is possible to change the development trajectory of the children by imbibing in the children certain ideals from the early childhood (Friedman Scholnick, 2014). Different kinds of games can be played with that of the child. The younger children can play with blocks and that of Peek-a-boo. The matured children can play with that of board games along with puzzle that can help in developing the mental ability in relation to the children. The mind of the children can be turned from the negative ideas by involving him in games that can keep h im engaged (Flook et al., 2015). Punishing the errant behaviour of the children can leave the child angry. It is important the child understands the rules. Conclusion: The early years are significant in an individuals life and it can create a difference in the life of a person. Intervention in the early stages of children can prove to be effective in relation to changing of development trajectory. The government should lay emphasis on specific programs so that the children evolve to become responsible adults. Self-control is an important aspect in early childhood and learning of it from the early stages can help in tackling childhood disadvantage. Imitation of the role model can help the children in staying in the right track and the children learn positive ideals. It is essential that the parents get involved with that of the children that can help them in staying away from the social evils. The child should be made known in-depth about the ideal practices and regarding the bad ones that can lead the child in the positive direction References: Archard, D. (2014).Children: Rights and childhood. Routledge. Bremner, J. G. (2017).An introduction to developmental psychology. John Wiley Sons. Burman, E. (2016).Deconstructing developmental psychology. Taylor Francis. Flook, L., Goldberg, S. B., Pinger, L., Davidson, R. J. (2015). Promoting prosocial behavior and self-regulatory skills in preschool children through a mindfulness-based kindness curriculum.Developmental psychology,51(1), 44. Friedman, S. L., Scholnick, E. K. (2014).The developmental psychology of planning: Why, how, and when do we plan?. Psychology Press. Harms, T., Cryer, D., Clifford, R. M., Yazejian, N. (2017).Infant/toddler environment rating scale. Teachers College Press. James, A., Prout, A. (Eds.). (2015).Constructing and reconstructing childhood: Contemporary issues in the sociological study of childhood. Routledge. Richter, L. M., Daelmans, B., Lombardi, J., Heymann, J., Boo, F. L., Behrman, J. R., ... Bhutta, Z. A. (2017). Investing in the foundation of sustainable development: pathways to scale up for early childhood development.The Lancet,389(10064), 103-118. Straitstimes.com (2018).How well will a kid fare in life? Study offers clues. [online] The Straits Times. Available at: https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/how-well-will-a-kid-fare-in-life-study-offers-clues [Accessed 29 Mar. 2018]. Xiao, W. S., Fu, G., Quinn, P. C., Qin, J., Tanaka, J. W., Pascalis, O., Lee, K. (2015). Individuation training with other?race faces reduces preschoolers implicit racial bias: A link between perceptual and social representation of faces in children.Developmental Science,18(4), 655-663.

Night Essays (1222 words) - Human Rights Abuses,

Night From the View of an S.S. Officer This whole situation started out simple enough. The men and myself first moved into this little town called Sighet. The people there seemed so naive. None of them realized what was about to happen; none of them realized what happened when the Germans move into town. We first started by imprisoning the officials and made all the Jews were yellow stars. The Jews were then moved into a very small ghetto and cramped quarters. It was obvious that none of them had heard of the horror of the concentration camps and what awaited them once they left the safety of their homes. Me and some of the other officers tried to be nice to the Jews because I, personally, hated carrying around this gun. Once you were in the camp the site of these officers holding these weapons struck fear into the hearts of all in the camp. We had finally gotten all of the people of the town of Sighet onto the train and had started the journey towards Auschwitz. The condition on the train is something I don't think I could have stood for. The Germans were put in charge of the train in the middle of the journey. The officers were told to collect any valuable from the people on the train and if they refused to yield their valuables, the were to be shot. As I have said I hated carrying around this gun but I did have a job to do and I was willing to follow orders if need be. Luckily I never had to unload a single shot on that train. Some people on the train were in very bad shape. They were hallucinating and many of them simply couldn't take the heat and the smell any longer. They were beginning to go crazy. The officers had a meeting and we were told to tell them that they were all just going to a labor camp and the families would be kept together. The lying was also a normal part of my job. Little did they know that they were going to a terrible place in which the males and females would be seperated and all of the people had a slim chance of even making past the inspections. Before arriving at Auschwitz we came to a "filtering" camp called Birkenau. The men and women were separated and taken to separated and taken to the barracks. I hear the prisoners talking sometimes. Some of them have been in this camp for a while and some of them are friends to those who are just arriving. These prisoners know that only the youngest and strongest survive. I know some of them have to be lying about their age. Boys that are barely 15 claiming they are 18, but they only want what everybody else at the camps want; to stay alive. Some prisoners and myself were transferred to a camp named Buna. It was a four-hour walk to the camp and once we got there the prisoners were required to undergo more medical exams to make sure they are still fit to work. The dentist even went as far as to remove the gold crowns in prisoners' teeth. Things were going well for a few months although the officers, and myself would take nothing less than hard work and cooperation from everyone. One day we had an unexpected air raid on Buna. The planes showered the camp with bombs and that is when things started to get out of control. People were trying to get away, stealing items, and trying to sneak some extra rations of soup. The officers were told to publicly hang anyone who broke the rules during this attack. We were made to do it in front of the entire camp so they could see what would happen if a person disobeyed. I was put in charge of supervising the hanging, but I couldn't let morals get in the way. I was put here to do a job an d that is what I had to do. We exucuted 4 people in total, including a small child just for trying to get food. I was aware that the Jewish holidays were approaching

Motivating Employees through training

Motivating Employees through training Free Online Research Papers INTRODUCTION The success of any organization depends on the ability of managers to provide a motivating environment for its employees. Motivated employees are more productive, happier, and stay with the organization longer. One of the primary tasks a manager faces is to find out what motivates their staff. By understanding employee needs, managers can understand what rewards to use to motivate them. Advanced economies are constantly evolving. There is a general sense that the pace of change has accelerated in recent years, and that we are moving in new directions. Central to these notions is the role of technology, particularly information technology. The implementation of these technologies is thought to have substantial impact on both firms and their workers. Globalization and increasing international competition also contribute to the sense of change. In this environment, greater attention is being paid to the management and development of human resources within firms. Education and training are increasingly seen as an important investment for improved prosperity- both for firms and individual workers. This paper studies what motivates employees and designing a motivation program based on those needs, drives, and expectations. NEW TRENDS IN HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT With todays workforce, becoming increasingly diverse, and organizations are doing more to maximize the benefits of the differences in employees, Human Resource managers are evolving from the old school sideline player to the front-line fighters. Organizations are relying on managers to get the people who get the job done, and of course, make the company money. People have always been central to organizations, but their strategic importance is growing in todays knowledge-based business world like never before. An organizations success increasingly depends on the knowledge, skills, and abilities of its employees, particularly as they help establish a set of core competencies, which distinguish one organization from its competitors. When employees talents are valuable, rare, difficult to imitate and organize, an organization can achieve a sustained competitive advantage. In order to compete through people, an organization has to be able to do a good job of managing their human capital: the knowledge, skills, and capabilities that add value to the organizations. Managers must develop strategies for identifying, recruiting, and hiring the best talent available. Develop these individuals in ways that are specific to the needs of their individual firms, encourage them to generate new ideas while familiarizing them with the company strategies, invite information sharing, and rewarding collaboration and team work. The basis on which compensation payments are determined, and the way they are administered, can significantly affect employee productivity and the achievement of organizational goals. It is generally recognized that firms that innovate are more profitable, grow more rapidly and create a larger number of jobs. Within a firm, the process leading to innovation requires a high level of human capital among workers. In order to participate fully in this process, workers must not only acquire strong basic knowledge through the education system but also need to have opportunities to acquire training in the labour market. Training taken within the firm could extend the knowledge acquisition process and help workers to renew or adapt previously accumulated skills and enable them to fully contribute to the improvement of productivity or to innovation (see Figure 1). Figure 1 Human Resource Managements front-line fight is to get the organization in order. Evidence points to a more active interest in and careful implementation of human resource management. Management is, by definition, getting things done through people. If managers are to increase productivity, reduce costs, and improve their organizations competitive advantage, they must focus on how properly manage personnel. Creating effective motivation and leadership, recruiting and retaining the right personnel, rewarding and treating employees fairly, establishing an environment that supports the people and benefits the organization, the Resource Manager looks towards a future with exciting challenges and opportunities for managing an organizations most valuable resource its people. UNDERSTANDING EMPLOYEE DRIVES AND MOTIVATIONS Definition of Employee Motivation The heart of motivation is to give people what they really want most from work. The more you are able to provide what they want, the more you should expect what you really want, namely: productivity, quality, and service. When you think about it, the success of any facet of your business can usually be traced back to motivated employees. From productivity and profitability to recruiting and retention, hardworking and happy employees lead to triumph. Unfortunately, motivating people is far from an exact science. There is no secret formula, no set calculation, and no work sheet to fill out. In fact, motivation can be as individual as the employees who work for you. One employee may be motivated only by money. Another may appreciate personal recognition for a job well done. Still another may work harder if she has equity in the business. The way I believe you motivate people is to make it clear not only what goals the company is trying to achieve but also why the goals are important to society. It is important that employees feel a sense of passion and deep interest in doing a good job, no matter how big or little the job may be. Matching the right job with the right person will further help to motivate employees. An employee who feels mismatched with their job will feel frustrated and motivation will decrease. Many individuals express frustration in performing the same responsibilities repeatedly . The ability of a company to structure career planning programs, including job rotations, skills training, and project management assignments are of interest to many employees. Providing immediate recognition for a job well done is most rewarding. This will likely ensure work to continue to be good throughout the day, week, or month. If recognition is only given at specific times, employees will only be motivated closer to the time the recognition or reward is expected. Advantages of Employee Motivation A positive motivation philosophy and practice should improve productivity, quality, and service. Motivation helps people: achieve goals; gain a positive perspective; create the power to change; build self-esteem and capability; manage their own development and help others with theirs. Disadvantages of Motivating Staff There are no real disadvantages to successfully motivating employees, but there are many barriers to overcome. Barriers may include unaware or absent managers, inadequate buildings, outdated equipment, and entrenched attitudes, for example: We dont get paid extra to work harder. Weve always done it this way. Our bosses dont have a clue about what we do. It doesnt say that in my job description. Im going to do as little as possible without getting fired. Such views will take persuasion, perseverance, and the proof of experience to break down. Basic Principles to Remember 1. Motivating employees starts with motivating yourself. A great place to start learning about motivation is to start understanding your own motivations. The key to helping to motivate your employees is to understand what motivates them. So what motivates you? Consider, for example, time with family, recognition, a job well done, service, learning, etc. How is your job configured to support your own motivations? What can you do to better motivate yourself? 2. Key to supporting the motivation of your employees is understanding what motivates each of them. Different things motivate each person. Whatever steps you take to support the motivation of your employees, they should first include finding out what it is that really motivates each of your employees. You can find this out by asking them, listening to them and observing them. 3. Recognize that supporting employee motivation is a process, not a task. Organizations change all the time, as do people. It is an ongoing process to sustain an environment where employees can motivate themselves. If you look at sustaining employee motivation as an ongoing process, then you will be much more fulfilled and motivated yourself. 4. Support employee motivation by using organizational systems (for example, policies and procedures) do not just count on good intentions. Do not just count on cultivating strong interpersonal relationships with employees to help motivate them. The nature of these relationships can change greatly, for example, during times of stress. Instead, use reliable and comprehensive systems in the workplace to help motivate employees. For example, establish compensation systems, employee performance systems, organizational policies and procedures, etc., to support employee motivation. In addition, establishing various systems and structures helps ensure clear understanding and equitable treatment of employees . THEORIES OF HUMAN MOTIVATION Hierarchy of needs theory Abraham Maslow proposed the theory called hierarchy of needs theory . Maslow believed that within every individual, there exists a hierarchy of five needs and that each level of need must be satisfied prior to an individual pursues the next higher level of need. As the individual progresses through the levels of needs, the preceding needs lose their motivational value. The five levels of needs, according to Maslow are 1. Physiological Needs These needs include food, water, and sex, which are essential for us to survive. If these needs are not met, then all other needs will not be a source of motivation. 2. Safety Needs This refers to the need to feel safe from physical and emotional harm. 3. Social Needs These needs are concerned with social interactions with others. The individual needs to feel a sense of belonging, affection, acceptance, and friendship. 4. Esteem Needs Esteem is concerned with the feelings of self-confidence derived from achieving something, and the recognition and prestige that comes with that achievement. 5. Self-Actualization Needs This level of needs is concerned with achieving ones full potential and dreams. It is only when these needs are met that workers are morally, emotionally, and even physically ready to satisfy the needs of the employer and the customers. Two-factor theory Fredrick Herzburg developed another popular theory of motivation called the two-factor theory . Herzburgs findings suggest there are two factors that contribute to employee satisfaction and dissatisfaction. The first is referred to as motivators, which includes responsibility, advancement, and recognition. The other is known as hygiene factors. These factors include the work environment, management, salaries, and company policies. Unsatisfactory hygiene factors can act as de-motivators, but if satisfactory, their motivational affect is limited without motivators. Thus, Herzberg has put emphasis on the psychological needs of the employees in designing jobs. Reinforcement theory Another theory, developed by B.F. Skinner, is the reinforcement theory . This theory is a behavioral approach. The main point is consequences influence behavior. According to the reinforcement theory, there are four ways to modify behavior. The first and most affective way is positive reinforcement, which refers to rewarding a desirable behavior to strengthen the likelihood that it will be repeated. The second way a manager can modify behavior is negative reinforcement, which is defined as removing a negative stimulus in the environment after the behavior occurs. Another way to modify behavior is punishment, which decreases the chances of the behavior to occur. The last method of behavior modification is lack of reinforcement. The idea behind this method is that if a behavior is not reinforced in any way that it will decrease in frequency, and be eliminated. Expectancy theory The last theory of motivation this paper will cover is the expectancy theory , proposed by Victor Vroom. Unlike the reinforcement theory, this theory is concerned with internal processes that an individual undergoes in order to decide whether they want to put forth the effort to strive towards a specific goal. According to Vroom, there are three important elements to consider when determining motivation. The first element is valence, this refers to the desire an individual has to achieve a goal or fulfill a need. The second element is instrumentality, this is the belief that if an individual gives a certain level of performance, then a desirable outcome is expected. The third element is expectancy, this is the belief an individual has about the relationship between effort and performance, if one exerts a high level of effort, then one can expect good performance. What motivates people depends on their perception of the attractiveness of the goal and its attainability. Regardless of which theory is followed, interesting work and employee pay are important links to higher motivation. Options such as job enlargement, job enrichment, promotions, monetary and non-monetary compensation should be considered. ESTABLISHING COMPENSATION PACKAGES Work is about the money and earning a living. Work becomes not about the money only when employees have enough money to meet their basic living expenses. Establishing compensation programs require both large and small organizations to consider specific goals. Employee retention, compensation distribution and adherence to the budget must be carefully weighted against the overall organizational goals and expectations. Compensation must reward employees for past performance while serving as a motivation tool for future performances. Internal and external equity of the pay program will affect employees concepts of fairness. Organizations must balance each of the concerns while remaining competitive. For internal equity, an organization can use one of the basic job evaluation techniques to determine relative worth of job. The most common are the ranking and classification methods. The job ranking system arranges jobs in numerical order based on the importance of the jobs duties and responsibilities to the organization. Job classification slots jobs into reestablished grades with higher rated grades requiring more responsibilities, working conditions, and job duties. External equity can be determined by a wage survey. Data obtained from the surveys will facilitate establishing the organizations wage policy while ensuring that the employer does not pay more, or less, than needed for jobs in the relevant labor market. Base salary is only one aspect of a retention plan for important employees. By offering enticing compensation packages, equitable pay, flexible benefits and known incentives, an organization allows itself the luxury of identifying and selecting those, which meet the needs of the organization. In filling job openings above the entry level an employer usually finds it advantageous to use transferring and internal promotions. By recruiting from within, an organization rewards employees for past performances and sends a signal to other employees that their future efforts will payoff, while capitalizing on previous investments made in recruiting, selecting, developing, and training its current employees. The budget for salary, compensation, and benefits is not unlimited in most organizations. Thus, in addition to traditional increases to base pay, and variable rewards, such bonuses, profit sharing and gain sharing, I recommend attention to quality of work life rewards. These can include the following: Payment of a one-time, lump sum payment for a result or outcome that deserves recognition. Payment of smaller rewards with â€Å"thank you† notes for above the call of duty contributions These are not necessarily tied to an achieved result, but they are contributions, that when emphasized, increase the probability of results. Increased emphasis on additional benefits such as pre-paid legal assistance, educational assistance, and vision insurance. Increased opportunity for flexible work arrangements and job-sharing. An organizational emphasis on the training and development of employees. Clear career paths so employees see opportunities within your organization. In summary, organizations are moving toward salary and compensation systems that emphasize flexibility, goal achievement, and variable pay based on performance, and less emphasis on increases to base pay. They are using bonuses based on profit and accomplishment to add to employee compensation. The rising cost of benefits is causing rethinking of their place in the compensation system. Forward thinking organizations are emphasizing â€Å"quality of work life† rewards and recognition to add to the value of the total compensation package. Benefits Benefits and incentive plans are valuable rewards in recruiting and retaining essential employees. Benefits are an established and integral part of the total compensation package. In order to have a sound benefits package there are certain basic considerations. It is essential that a program be based on specific objectives that are compatible with the organizational philosophy and policies as well as affordable to the company. By utilizing a flexible benefits package, employees are able to choose those benefits that are best suited to their individual needs. On average, organizations spend 41 cents for benefits for every dollar of payroll. That is 29 percent of the total employee compensation package. Research reported in the journal, Personnel Psychology, suggests that employees only understand and appreciate between 31 and 68 percent of the cost or market value of the benefits they receive . Employees undervalue their benefits for many reasons including: employers communicate the value of the benefits poorly, the employees have little or no choice in benefits packages or options, and the employees misunderstand the market value of benefits. Firms that wish to maximize the value of their benefits expenditures need to survey their employees to ask them what they value and how much. Benefits surveys or focus groups are important first steps in understanding employee preferences. Relevant questions might include the following. What benefits are most important to you? If you could choose one new benefit, what would it be? If you were given X dollars for benefits, how would you spend them? Follow-up research about the cost of the benefits employees desire, can help you determine which programs will provide the most â€Å"bang for the buck.† Based on the data developed, you can adapt your benefit offerings or provide choices consistent with organizational objectives such as employee retention or performance. The success of an incentive pay plan depends on the organizational climate in which it must operate, employee confidence in it, and its suitability to employee and organizational needs. Importantly, employees must view the incentive plan to be equitable and related to their performance. Tuition Assistance Tuition assistance is an employer-provided employee benefit that is a win-win for your workplace. In a tuition assistance program, an employer pays all or part of an employees cost to attend college or university classes. Most employers, who offer a tuition assistance program, pay the full cost of the employees tuition, lab fees, and books. In most cases, employers cap the amount of tuition assistance available for employees. Either employers set a limit in terms of dollars available per employee per year or they establish the number of classes they will pay for per year per employee. When tuition assistance is available, the most common method for administering the program is to require employees to pay for their own tuition and books when they register for classes. The employee is then reimbursed when he or she submits the receipts and evidence of earning a C or above grade upon completion of the class. In some cases, where extensive funds are spent on tuition assistance, the employer requires that the employee sign an agreement to pay back the tuition assistance if he or she leaves the organization within a certain period. In these cases, the employer forgives a percentage of the tuition assistance for every year the employee stays with your organization . Tuition assistance makes sense for employers because you enable your employees to continue to grow and develop their knowledge. Your employees stay in the practice of learning and university attendance fosters an environment at work that supports employee learning. Performance appraisals Performance measures should be quantifiable, easily understood, and bear a demonstrated relationship to organizational performance. Performance appraisal programs serve many purposes, but in general, those purposes can be clustered into two categories: administrative and developmental. The administrative purposes include decisions about who will be promoted, transferred, or laid-off. Developmental decisions include those related to improving and enhancing an individuals capabilities. These include identifying a persons strength and weaknesses, eliminating external performance obstacles, and establishing training needs. In every enterprise, every form of employee compensation or reward is either contingent or non-contingent on accomplishment of desired performance. Contingent Reward is that which can only be had through doing desired performance. In other words, if the performance is not accomplished, the reward is not realized. Non-contingent Reward is that which can be had without doing desired performance. In other words, employees get it regardless of whether or not they accomplish desired performance. A key to building employee motivation for desired performance is to increase the amount of contingent reward and decrease the amount of non-contingent. The difference between the amounts of contingent and non-contingent reward we call the contingency differential. The greater the differential between contingent reward and non-contingent reward, the more frequently employees will choose desired performance over undesired performance . We should consider installing a differential pay program - a program that enables each employee to get a larger paycheck when s/he accomplishes a particular â€Å"bonus† performance criteria during the pay period. By doing that, we increase the net payoff that employees derive from pursuing desired performance, which builds their motivation for continuing to pursue it. Carefully designed performance standards that are reliable, strategically relevant, and free from either criterion deficiencies or contamination are essential foundations for evaluation. TRAINING Providing opportunities to learn new technologies, methods and accomplish new achievements are significant in capturing prolonged interest from high potential staff. Giving people the opportunity to gain exposure and implement new programs while building self-esteem and credibility is valuable for both the company and the employee. Opportunity and recognition of accomplishments can prove to be a much more lucrative incentive than any financial considerations a company may offer. Today organizational operations cover broad areas and require continuous training for effective job performance, evolutions in product areas, and corporate growth. In order to have effective training programs organizations can utilize a systems approach. Key areas of this approach include needs assessment, program design, and evaluation. Needs assessment begins with organizational analysis. Managers must establish a context for training by deciding where training is needed, how it connects with strategic goals, and how organizational resources can best be used. In designing a training program, managers must utilize principles of learning in order to create an environment that is conducive to learning. The evaluation of a training program should focus on several criteria: participant reactions, learning, behavior changes on the job, and bottom line results. There are two types of training, classroom training supported by the employer and on-the-job training supported by the employer. Classroom Training Classroom training (sometimes called formal training) is defined as training activities with a predetermined format, pre-defined objectives, specific content and progress that can be monitored or evaluated. Occupation appears to have a significant impact on the probability of taking classroom training, but not much on the probability of taking on-the-job training. The various categories of workers (except managers) are less likely than professionals to take classroom training. Thus, professionals not only have better access to training but they are also more inclined to take it, if available. Permanent workers are more likely than non-permanent workers to take classroom training (of around nine percentage points) and on-the-job training (five percentage points). Since firms are less likely to recover their investment in training for temporary workers, they will be less inclined to support training for these workers (especially the most costly training). Temporary workers may also be less interested in investing time in training if they see few benefits in it. Further, participation in classroom training increases with level of education, these two forms of investment appearing to be complementary. However, this effect appears to be limited to post-secondary education since the effect of a high school diploma (compared with no high school diploma) is not significant. Having a university diploma increases the probability of taking classroom training by 12 percentage points. The probability of taking on-the-job training does not appear to be substantially affected by the level of education. One possible explanation of this phenomenon is that this type of training is more useful at the beginning of employment in order to assimilate the characteristics inherent to the work performed, and that this applies to all workers regardless of level of education. On-The-Job Training By definition, on-the-job training is given during work hours and at the workplace (in a location that is not necessarily separate from the production facilities). On-the-job training involves four steps : 1. DESCRIBE the performance to be learned. 2. DEMONSTRATE how to do it. 3. REVIEW the employee doing it. 4. REINFORCE the employee for what s/he did well. If needed, Step 5 is REPEAT steps 2-4. Step 1 Describe DESCRIBE what the learner will be learning. In doing this, describe WHAT the task is, HOW it is done, and WHY it is done that way. Bear in mind, the ability to do something well usually depends on three components: Attitudes, Skills, and Knowledge. So be sure to describe the particular attitudes, or perspectives, that are vital to doing the task excellently. In addition, explain how excellent performance of the task is important to the company. Also, explain how it can contribute to an employees career development. Step 2 Demonstrate DEMONSTRATE how its done. If the tasks performance involves a particular speed, first demonstrate how its done at regular or full-speed, then demonstrate it at half-speed, or step-by-step. For the step-by-step demonstration, consider having the trainee/s read aloud the procedure for each step prior to you’re doing it, if applicable. Also, consider fortifying your demonstration with a follow-up visual aid (photo, video tape, computer CD). Step 3 Review Have the trainee try it while you REVIEW his/her performance. Before s/he starts, ease the tension by explaining, â€Å"No one expects perfection first time out. So just relax, enjoy it and give it your best effort - whatever happens will be fine.† If it is a complex multi-step process, suggest that the person refer to the manual between steps. Finally, if applicable, have the trainee explain what they are doing while they are doing it. Step 4 Reinforce REINFORCE the trainee for good performance. To do this, point out what the trainee did well and praise him or her for it. This is vital to creating a positive attitude and motivation to continue learning. Therefore, no matter how weak the persons first performance might be, always pick out the strongest aspect of their demonstration and commend them on it. General Benefits from Employee Training and Development There are numerous sources of online information about training and development. Several of these sites suggest reasons for supervisors to conduct training among employees. These reasons include: Increased job satisfaction and morale among employees Increased employee motivation Increased efficiencies in processes, resulting in financial gain Increased capacity to adopt new technologies and methods Increased innovation in strategies and products Reduced employee turnover Risk management, e.g., training about sexual harassment, diversity training CONCLUSION Every employee has a need for self-expression, entertains plans for professional development and career advancement, wishes to be accepted as family member, feel respect towards management and pride in his/her work, receive acknowledgment and reward, be listened to and trusted. Through strategic communications, it is manager’s duty is to share with employees’ company goals, market, industry and business information and futures plans, and invite employees to give feedback. We must learn how to place people in a role where they can use their abilities and make progress towards the realization of personal goals. Misplacements can cause a company substantial financial loss due to turnover, accidents, lawsuits, rebates, refunds, loss of customers and sales. Fair benefits and pay is the cornerstone of a successful company that recruits and retains committed workers. If you provide a living wage for your employees, you can then work on motivational issues. Without the fair living wage, however, you risk losing your best people to a better-paying employer. It is important for employees to know that management is aware of their existence, recognizes them, remembers their names and greets them. Managers who fail to greet employees or respond to greetings lead to a high degree of de-motivation, lack of trust, and disloyalty. We must learn how to create a corporate culture and a supportive work environment. This is done through leadership and management excellence, a human approach, effective human resources strategies, positive discipline, fair and just treatment to all, clearly defined policies, career and personal development training programs (including cross-training and job rotation), organizational communications, tools to facilitate communication, team assignments, reward programs, objective appraisals, adequate pay, benefits and company activities . Research Papers on Motivating Employees through trainingThe Project Managment Office SystemAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaOpen Architechture a white paperResearch Process Part OneIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalTwilight of the UAWMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductPETSTEL analysis of IndiaBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males

Argument papper draft #2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Argument papper draft #2 - Essay Example However, United Nations in 2000 asserts that there is variety in the average marital age difference across different cultures. For instance, in some African societies, the average difference in terms of age between married partners is three times that in most Western countries, revolving around 10 years in most cases. Moreover, 10 years appears to be the maximum acceptable difference on average for a romantic partner, particularly for women. This is because differences beyond 10 years are not seen as normative by most societies. Another way to explain men and women’s partner age preferences is to think of heterosexual relationships in social exchange terms. Social exchange theory proposes that how we feel about a given social interaction or relationship fundamentally depends upon the costs to be incurred and benefit associated with it. Basically, when rewards are more than the costs to be incurred in a relationship, we tend to feel good about it and will in most cases stay in it and vice versa. Conversely, an older man providing his resources for a young, attractive woman can be seen as a social exchange where he provides shelter, food, and security in exchange for sex with her bringing about an opportunity to procreate. Such an arrangement is likely to be seen as a favorable because it me ets important needs for both partners. Another explanation for men and women’s partner age preferences is by considering the social role theory which argues that the traditional division of labor between the sexes has resulted in women assuming the social role of providing domestic labor and men fulfilling the social role of providing. Thus leading women to look for financially stable men who are mostly older and men looking for younger women who look productive and attractive. The tendency for women to marry older men so as to have them provide for them is changing as more women are in the labor force as

Race, Gender & Ethnicity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Race, Gender & Ethnicity - Essay Example This information can be useful to several interest groups and it is easily understandable even for laymen. In total there have been â€Å"1226† executions in the last 35 years, which make the yearly average to 35 (Facts about the Death Penalty, 2010). The data indicates that in the 70s and 80s death sentences were very few. It has registered an increase from mid 90s and the bar chart allows an easy and clear interpretation of the data. After showing a decreasing trend for several years, it increased from 37 in 2008 to 52 in 2009 and fell to 38 in 2010. Thus, it will suggest that death punishment does not act as an effective deterrent. The site presents the data in an easily discernible manner so that users can easily understand it. The article offers data on the executed persons’ race that of the victims in the cases of death penalty. â€Å"687† or â€Å"56%† are Whites, Blacks constitute â€Å"424† or â€Å"35%† while â€Å"91† or â€Å"7%† are Hispanics and â€Å"24† or â€Å"2%† are from other categories (Facts about the Death Penalty, 2010). Whites constitute of the victims with â€Å"76%† and Blacks are second with â€Å"15%† while Hispanics and others comprise â€Å"6%† and â€Å"3%† respectively (Facts about the Death Penalty, 2010). These details provide the users with a clear idea of the racial orientation of the death penalties. The article further mentions about the discrimination in 96% states, based on the â€Å"pattern of either race-of-victim or race-of-defendant† and finds, based on research evidence that â€Å"98% of chief district attorneys† are Whites (Facts about the Death Penalty, 2010). This information, again, enables the users to understand the influence that race can exercise in the death penalty cases. The article also finds that since the year 1973, â€Å"130 people,† whose innocence has been proved, â€Å"have

Introduction To Service Industry Restaurants Marketing Essay

Introduction To Service Industry Restaurants Marketing Essay The food service industry continues to grow in volume and revenue every year and typically divides itself into two categories: full-service restaurants and fast-food restaurants. Each individual restaurant is in competition with other food service operations within the same geographical area. The fast food restaurant industry is highly competitive. McDonalds competes with other restaurants through the quality, variety and value perception of food products offered. McDonalds Corporations main competition comes from other fast-food restaurants; most notably, YUM! Brands Inc, Wendys International, Dominos and Burger King. Figure1: The total revenues of the major players in the fast food industry (www.ycharts.com) The figure represents the market share of McDonalds in the fast food industry. McDonalds Corporation (MCD) has company operated and franchise restaurants all over the world. They are the leading global food service retailer by means of over 30,000 restaurants in more than 117 countries, serving about 50 million people every day. Franchising plays a major role in McDonalds system with 26,216 were operated by franchisees (including 19,020 operated by conventional franchisees, 3,160 operated by developmental licensees and 4,036 operated by foreign affiliated markets (affiliates)-primarily in Japan) and 6,262 were operated by the company. Their total revenue in 2009 was $ 23 billion. McDonalds success in the fast food industry stems from their main success factors which are branded affordability, menu variety and beverage choice, convenience and daypart expansion, ongoing restaurant reinvestment and operations excellence. These success factors are used to promote McDonalds brand image, p rovide customers with quality products and differentiate themselves from other competitors like YUM Brands (YUM owns brands like KFC, Pizza Hut, Taco Bell and Long John Silver) After extensive research, analysis and valuation, it is found that McDonalds corporation is currently an undervalued company and rated as a Market Outperform and thus I recommend this stock as a Buy. Executive Summary The food service industry is one of high competition; however, McDonalds has been able to obtain the position as the leader in market capitalization with a market capital of $74.6B in 2009. While McDonalds has deployed high amounts of capital, the company manages its asset base with high inventory turnover while also maintaining cost efficiency. Industry Demand Drivers: The market of the food service industry attributes much of its growth to global sales and revenue. Despite tough environment, McDonalds delivered an exceptional year of growth, posted strong sales and increased market share around the world. In 2009, global comparable sales increased 3.8 percent, fueled by solid gains in the United States (+2.6 percent), Europe (+5.2 percent), Asia/Pacific, Middle East and Africa (+3.4 percent), Latin America (+5.3 percent) and Canada (+5.8 percent). Earnings per share for the year increased 9 percent to $4.11 (13 percent in constant currencies), while consolidated operating income increased 6 percent (10 percent in constant currencies). We also returned $5.1 billion to shareholders through share repurchases and dividends paid, bringing our three-year cash return total to $16.6 billion-notably at the high end of our stated target of $15 to $17 billion for the years 2007 through 2009. Globally, McDonalds caters and adapts to different cultures and societies, while still providing them with the same McDonalds experience. With a significant portion of McDonalds sales derived from international stores, foreign denominated sales should generate additional earnings leverage given the weakening of the US dollar against other currencies. McDonalds is well positioned: McDonalds is able to maintain a loyal customer base, and compete with the existing competitors by introducing variation to their menu, such as the Dollar Value Menu. Also, in order to adhere to a more concerned health concise society, McDonalds has implemented holistic approach which consists of High-Quality Choices for customers, Consumer-Friendly Nutrition Information and communicate responsibly. The Happy Meal, which has been a long standing childs favorite, now has options such as fruit instead of French Fries and all white meat chicken nuggets. As for one McDonalds company goals is to adhere to outstanding customer service, strengthens the maintenance of long standing customers, as well as develop new relationships with customers of a new generation. Franchising business model: Within Fast Food restaurants franchise models are common. Franchise models can grow faster using others capital. Franchises have to be pay rent and royalties based on a percent of sales along with minimum rent payments, and initial fees. On the other hand, company-owned models have greater control over pricing, operations and can close underperforming restaurants more quickly. In 2009 the total no of franchised restaurants was 26,216 compared to 25,465 in 2008 and the number of company operated restaurants decreased by 3.6%. The total revenue from franchises in 2009 was $7,286.2 Million an increase in 4% compared to 2008. McDonald Franchises Revenue from Franchises Key challenges and Adaptability Intensity of competition: Competitors of the industry also try to compete with similar products; therefore, leading to price wars. McDonalds created a Dollar Value Menu, in response to competitors such as Wendys 99 cent menu. Overall, the industry has tried various product differentiations in order to accumulate greater market share, but most consumers are drawn to the classics. McDonalds is doing more and more to compete with health focused restaurants like Subway. Nutritionist and other leading experts have been hired to join the McDonalds team in order to ensure that the correct items are added to the menu, while still keeping and improving the classics that they are famous for. For example, the chicken nuggets that we all grew up on are now 100% white meat. McDonalds is flexible in their menu to conform to the changing tastes of society. Bargaining Power of Suppliers: In recent years the industry has had a small problem with beef, because of the outbreak of the mad cow disease. This problem raised the cost of beef in Europe tremendously but the cost actually went up around the world because of the beef shortage in Europe. The suppliers that sell to McDonalds have a strong voice also because of the fact that the switching cost for McDonalds as a whole would be so tremendous, so any problems or disputes would be worked out with there suppliers. Comparative Ratio Analysis Ratio analysis helps us analyze the financial trends of previous years and extrapolate those trends into future years for McDonalds and its core competitors within the industry. It is divided into three areas: fundamentals, growth and profitability, and capital structure of the company. Liquidity ratios are used to determine how liquid the firm is, and how it will meet its obligations. This also helps us determine how risky the firm is by determining if the company is employing an adequate amount of liability or risk to generate profit. Profitability ratios give us the perspective profitability of the firm is operating. The ratios will help in accurately valuing the company at its current condition, compare its performance against competitors, and project the future results of the company. Fundamentals of McDonalds (MCD) vs. YUM Brands (YUM) Table 1 Financial Condition Company Industry Average SP 500 Debt/Equity Ratio 0.74 1.82 1.13 Current Ratio 1.4 1.3 1.4 Quick Ratio 1.3 1.2 1.2 Interest Coverage 30.6 18.8 28.0 Leverage Ratio 2.1 3.8 3.8 Book Value/Share 13.12 11.95 22.35 The industry average is calculated as an average of competitor brands like YUM, Burger King and Wendys. Current ratio: Since 1999 McDonalds has experienced a steady increase in their current ratio. The present current ratio of 1.4 is higher compared to industry average of 1.3. This increase shows that McDonalds has more ability to pay off their short term debts from the sale of their currents assets. Overall, McDonalds is in fairly good shape because their current ratio is growing. Receivables Turnover: McDonalds has consistently been well below its competitors YUM with accounts receivables turnover. This means that they arent collecting their accounts receivables as promptly as their competitors. This prevents McDonalds from reinvesting and expanding their restaurants which is a major source of revenue. This also allows for a greater chance of default on their accounts receivables. Asset Utilization: This ratio indicates how profitable a company is relative to its total assets. The return on assets (ROA) ratio illustrates how well management is employing the companys total assets to make a profit. The higher the return, the more efficient management is in utilizing its asset base. McDonalds Asset Turnover has consistently been lower than its competitor YUM since 1999. Debt to Equity Ratio: The debt-equity ratio is another leverage ratio that compares a companys total liabilities to its total shareholders equity. McDonalds has maintained a fairly low Debt to Equity Ratio of 0.74 which means that the company has an efficient amount of equity that can cover the cost of its liabilities compared to Yum of 3.14 or the industry average of debt to equity ratio of 1.82. Book value per share: This is an indication of how much shareholders are paying for the net assets of a company. McDonalds book value of 13.12 is higher than the industry average (11.95) or YUM (3.05) Net Income: The net income for McDonalds suffered a dip of 23% in 2007 but recovered in the year 2008, 2009. The total net income in 2009 was $ 4,555 Million compared to YUM who had a net income of $1071Million Shareholders Equity: Shareholders equity represents the amount by which a company is financed through common and preferred shares. The average Shareholders Equity for MCD is $13,287M compared to YUM who has a $709M. Dividend: MCD has consistently grown in dividends over the years. This is one of the most attractive features of MCD. Comparing the dividends of MCD and YUM, MCD has 25% increase on YTY compared to YUM who has only 14%. Growth and Profitability Table 2 Investment Returns % Company Industry Average SP 500 Return On Equity 34.8 48.2 21.4 Return On Assets 16.2 13.1 7.5 Return On Capital 17.6 15.4 10.0 Return On Equity (5-Year Avg.) 22.7 29.0 16.4 Return On Assets (5-Year Avg.) 11.4 10.1 7.6 Return On Capital (5-Year Avg.) 13.0 12.5 10.3 The industry average is calculated as an average of competitor brands like YUM, Burger King, and Wendys. Revenue Growth: The global recession has affected the revenue of both the companies. By year 2009 the consumer demand and currency exchanges have helped recover to pre-recessionary levels. EPS and Growth: The portion of a companys profit allocated to each outstanding share of common stock. Earnings per share serve as an indicator of a companys profitability. The EPS for MCD is 4.11 which have increased from 9% from the previous year while the EPS for YUM is 2.26. The growth of EPS has been fluctuating due to the global economic crises. Profit Margin: A higher profit margin indicates a more profitable company that has better control over its costs compared to its competitors. MCD has a profit margin of 20% compared to Yum is 10%. Return on Equity (ROE): Return on equity measures a corporations profitability by revealing how much profit a company generates with the money shareholders have invested. The ROE for MCD is 34.8 which is less than the industry average of 48.2. From the above figure we can infer for 2009 the ROE for YUM is 180%, but this has not been consistent over the years. For a long term investor this is not good. Capital Structure Charts Table 3 Price Ratios Company Industry Average SP 500 Current P/E Ratio 16.4 20.9 22.4 P/E Ratio 5-Year High NA 6.8 15.8 P/E Ratio 5-Year Low NA 3.2 2.4 Price/Sales Ratio 3.21 2.33 2.03 Price/Book Value 5.30 7.11 3.21 Price/Cash Flow Ratio 12.70 11.90 13.80 The industry average is calculated as an average of competitor brands like YUM, Burger King, and Wendys. Market Capital: Market capitalization represents the public consensus on the value of a companys equity. McDonalds in 2009 had a market capital of $67.3B compared to YUM brand that had a market capital of $16.35B. It also represents the market estimate of a companys value, based on perceived future prospects, economic and monetary conditions. Price to Earnings Ratio: A stock with a high P/E ratio means that investors are expecting higher earnings growth in the future compared to the overall market, as investors pay more for todays earnings in anticipation of future earnings growth. From the table 2 McDonalds PE is 16.4, which is below the industry average of 20.4. However there are limitations since the ratio depends on the earnings per share. McDonalds earnings per share of 4.24 are above the industry average of 1.43. Price to Book Value: This ratio used to compare a stocks market value to its book value. A lower P/B ratio could mean that the stock is undervalued. From the above figure McDonald has a stable P/B ratio compared to the Yum. From table 3 the P/B ratio for McDonald is 5.31 which is below the industry average of 7.11. Price to Sales ratio: The P/S ratio measures the price of a companys stock against its annual sales. From table 3 we can understand that the P/S ratio for McDonalds is 3.21 compared to the industry average of 2.33. This means that the investor would be paying $3.21 for every dollar of McDonalds sales. Price to Cash Flow Ratio: This ratio compares the stocks market price to the amount of cash flow the company generates on a per-share basis. McDonalds has a Price/Cash Flow ratio of 12.70 which is higher than the industry average of 11.90. Conclusion In our overall analysis of McDonalds Corporation using a variation of methods and models, we have conclusively found that McDonalds is currently undervalued in the market and is a Buy. The Method of Comparables was used, which included such ratios as: Price/Earnings, Price/Book, Price/Sales, and Price Earnings growth ratio valuations. The ratio valuations were calculated by finding the industry average and using a varying of other factors to project an expected share price. The industry average is calculated as an average of competitor brands like YUM, Burger King, and Wendys. Price to Book Ratio $ Industry Average of Price to Book value 7.11 Current Book Value of McDonald 13.12 Estimated price of share $93.28 Current Market Price 69.37 Trailing Price to Earnings Ratio Industry Average of Trailing Price to Earnings Ratio 17.9 Current McDonalds earnings per share $4.11 Estimated Market price $73.59 Current Market Price 69.37 Dividends Yield Ratio Analysis Industry Dividend Average (%) 2.73 McDonald Dividend per share 2.2 Expected share price found by dividing McDonalds (Dividends per share)/ (Industry average Dividends yield ratio) $80.50 Current Market price $69.37 Forward Price to Earnings Ratio Industry Average of Forward Price to Earnings Ratio 14.73 Current McDonalds earnings per share $4.11 Estimated price of share $60.54 Current Market Price 69.37 All Data obtained from Yahoo finance on 13/016/2010 From the above calculation the estimated price of McDonald is between $60.54 $93.28. However McDonalds corporation has faced previous law suits on being held accountable for obesity, similarly following the litigation process of cigarettes and tobacco companies. The courts ruled against this issue in McDonalds favor, making this a remote future risk factor. In addition, MCD in its effort to be a more socially responsible corporate citizen, by supporting a healthier society, has developed light and healthy menu items in order to give customers additional eating options and in doing so, broadening the array of its customer base while offering its existing customer base with healthier menu options.